Regulation & scope
Annex I
The annex that lists relevant products by CN code — the practical edge of EUDR scope. Treat proposed amendments as draft until they are law.
EUDR glossary
EUDR terms, in plain language
Roles, geolocation, country risk tiers, diligence and filing — the vocabulary the regulation and ERWAY share, without repeating the full field guides.
General information about EU Regulation 2023/1115, not legal advice. Always check against the primary sources.
A
C
- Risk & benchmarking
Certification
There is no EUDR certification — no scheme can certify compliance with the regulation. Third-party certificates may inform risk assessment; they do not discharge Articles 9–12 or replace a DDS.
- Filing & enforcement
Competent authority
The national authority that checks operators, can order interim measures, and applies Article 25 penalties — with minimum check rates of 1% / 3% / 9% by country risk tier.
- Risk & benchmarking
Country benchmarking
Commission classification of countries of production into low, standard or high risk under Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1093 — it sets diligence depth and check rates, not whether you collect plots or file.
- Regulation & scope
Cut-off date
31 December 2020 — the date after which deforestation (and, for wood only, forest degradation) disqualifies relevant products as deforestation-free.
D
- Regulation & scope
Deforestation
Conversion of forest to agricultural use after the cut-off — one of three conditions a product must meet (with legality and a due diligence statement).
- Roles & obligations
Downstream operator
Places on the market a product already covered by upstream diligence — retains the reference number, registers if not an SME, and must act if aware of a substantiated concern.
- Filing & enforcement
Due Diligence Statement
The filing by which the first-placing operator formally declares that due diligence was carried out and that risk is negligible — required at every country risk tier.
- Risk & benchmarking
Due diligence system
Article 12 duty to establish, maintain and annually review a documented due diligence system — required at every country risk tier, including fully low-risk programmes.
F
- Regulation & scope
Forest degradation
A wood-only EUDR test: structural conversion of primary or naturally regenerating forest into plantation forest, planted forest, or other wooded land — not general canopy thinning.
- Geolocation data
Four-hectare rule
Under Article 2(28), plots above four hectares used for a relevant commodity other than cattle need a polygon; at or under four hectares a single point (six decimal digits) can suffice.
G
- Geolocation data
Geolocation
Latitude and longitude of every plot of land where the relevant commodity was produced (Article 9(1)(d)), as a point or polygon under Article 2(28).
H
- Risk & benchmarkingHigh risk (country)
High risk
Country benchmarking tier under Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/1093: four countries today, full diligence, and the highest minimum authority check rates (9% of operators and 9% of volume).
- Regulation & scope
HS / CN code
Customs classification that decides whether a shipment is a relevant product under Annex I.
I
- Filing & enforcement
Information System
The EU Information System where operators submit Due Diligence Statements and receive reference numbers — commonly referred to in practice as TRACES NT.
L
- Regulation & scope
Legality
One of three mandatory product conditions: the relevant commodity must have been produced in accordance with the relevant legislation of the country of production — deforestation-free alone is not enough.
- Risk & benchmarkingLow risk (country)
Low risk
Country benchmarking tier covering roughly 140 countries: Article 9 geolocation and the DDS still apply; Articles 10 and 11 may be skipped only under Article 13’s conditions; authorities check at least 1% of operators.
M
- Risk & benchmarkingMitigated
Mitigation
Article 11 measures that must bring risk to negligible before goods move — there is no residual-risk category to park a more-than-negligible finding in.
- Regulation & scope
Mixing point
Where batch identity is destroyed in a commodity chain — mill, tanker, silo, washing station, abattoir — after which plot-level links for that volume cannot be reconstructed.
N
- Risk & benchmarkingNegligible risk
Negligible risk
Assessment outcome for a specific product and supply chain: risk of non-compliance is no more than negligible. Distinct from a country “low risk” label.
- Filing & enforcementHigh risk (country)
Non-compliance
Breach of EUDR duties, with Member-State penalties that must include fines with a maximum of at least 4% of annual Union-wide turnover — plus confiscation, procurement exclusion and possible market bans.
O
- Roles & obligations
Operator
The person who first places a relevant product on the EU market, or exports it — and who files the Due Diligence Statement for that placing.
P
- Geolocation data
Plot of land
Land within a single real-estate property, homogeneous enough that deforestation risk can be assessed as one unit — not an arbitrary farm name that mixes unlike patches.
- ERWAY approach
Plot risk check
ERWAY’s name for the satellite-backed review of one plot against the cut-off and its geolocation — an input to Article 10 assessment, not a substitute for the operator’s legal duty.
- Geolocation data
Point vs polygon
Article 2(28): a point is one latitude/longitude with at least six decimal digits; plots above four hectares (non-cattle) need a polygon describing the perimeter.
Q
- ERWAY approach
Questionnaires
Structured supplier questionnaires ERWAY uses to collect EUDR-relevant answers into the diligence pack — an operational tool, not a format prescribed by the regulation.
R
- Regulation & scope
Relevant commodity
One of the seven commodities named by Regulation (EU) 2023/1115: cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya and wood — products in scope only when listed in Annex I.
- Risk & benchmarking
Risk assessment
Article 10 evaluation of whether relevant products present more than a negligible risk of non-compliance — required at standard and high risk; often skipped only under Article 13.
S
- Risk & benchmarking
Simplified due diligence
Article 13 path that switches off risk assessment and mitigation when every plot is low-risk and mixing/circumvention risks are negligible — it never switches off geolocation, the DDS, or Article 12.
- Roles & obligations
SME
EU size class that changes application dates — with a timber trap: micro and small operators already under the old EUTR follow December 2026, not the later SME date.
- Risk & benchmarkingStandard risk (country)
Standard risk
The residual country tier: every country not named low or high in the benchmarking Annex. Full Articles 10 and 11 apply; authorities check at least 3% of operators.
- Risk & benchmarkingHigh risk (country)
Substantiated concern
A duly reasoned claim based on objective, verifiable information — it reopens full due diligence for affected goods and can end Article 13 simplification.
- ERWAY approach
Supplier risk
ERWAY’s screening of suppliers for EUDR readiness — plots, documentation and role clarity — as an Article 10 input, not a transfer of operator liability.
T
- Roles & obligations
Trader
Makes a relevant product available without first placing it — retains the reference number; non-SME traders must register in the Information System.
See what this looks like on your own supplier data
ERWAY turns supplier plot geometry into deforestation risk intelligence and a submission-ready EU Due Diligence Statement. Take the two-minute interactive tour.